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The BI-3802 was designed by Boehringer Ingelheim and could be obtained free of charge through the Boehringer Ingelheim open innovation portal opnMe.com, associated with its negative control.
Glycolic acid (or hydroxyacetic acid) is the smallest alpha-hydroxy acid. Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, glycolic acid is often used in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel.
Synonyms: Hydroxyethanoic acid; dicarbonous acid; Glycollic acid
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Electrocatalytic valorization of biomass derived platform chemical 5-hydroxymethylfurfural
Huddleston, Morgan ;
Abstract: Electrocatalytic valorization of biomass-derived intermediate compounds to value-added products has emerged as a promising approach to mitigate carbon emissions. Capitalizing on renewable electricity as a green energy input for conducting paired electrocatalysis is a promising approach in the field of biorefining. Simultaneous oxidation and reduction of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) yields high value products such as 2,5-formylfurancarboxylic acid (FFCA) and 2,5-bishydroxymethylfurfural (BHMF) with applications in the food industry, fuel additives, and pharmaceuticals. Simultaneous upgrading of biomass derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) at both the anode and cathode has been previously explored, however the challenge of tunable selectivity has not been overcome. Traditional electrochemical methods often suffer from energy inefficiencies due to the need for a second conversion at the counter electrode, which can produce non-value-added byproducts. Amino acids are a key example of highly valuable products derived from biomass oxidation followed by reductive amination. Pharmaceutical and food industries will benefit from an alternative strategy to produce amino acids that does not rely on inefficient fermentation processes. The use of renewable biomass resources as starting materials makes this proposed strategy more desirable. HMF can be proven to selectively yield 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (FFCA) under the same electrochemical conditions as HMF hydrogenation to 2,5-bishydroxymethylfuran (BHMF). With 4-acetamido TEMPO (ACT) as a homogeneous oxidation mediator and silver galvanically displaced copper foam (Ag/Cu) as the cathodic electrocatalyst, both electrochemical conversions can be observed in an H-type cell simultaneously. By employing pH 10 carbonate buffer as the optimized electrolyte, water proves to be an effective proton source for both conversion which demonstrates the extremely mild conditions. HMF anodic conversion of 94% leads to FFCA formation of 83% yield and simultaneous HMF cathodic conversion of 100% yields BHMF at 99%. HMF also oxidizes to 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) with 75% yield and subsequent amination with ammonium hydroxide followed by reductive hydrogenation yields 2,5-(dimethylamino) furan (DMAF). This paired electrochemical approach for the selective oxidation of biomass-derived α-hydroxyl acids to α-keto acids, followed by electrochemical reductive amination yield amino acids as the final products. Glycine, Alanine, and Leucine were synthesized with N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) as the oxidation mediator and NH3 as the nitrogen source to yields of 70, 80, and 90%. Phenylalanine required tetramethylpiperidine Noxyl (TEMPO) oxidation mediator with applying the same 2.7 V yielded 100%. Our paired electrolysis improves selectivity and doubles electron efficiency, with the flow electrolyzer demonstrating its potential for large-scale applications. The main challenge for widespread use of our proposed paired electrocatalytic method is the cost of industrial-scale small molecule production. Paired electrocatalysis offers an alternative by using both half-reactions in an electrochemical cell to produce value-added chemicals from biomass feedstocks. The operational principles and benefits of various cell configurations are compared, along with an analysis of electrocatalysts. Heterogeneous and bifunctional catalysts in paired electrocatalysis optimize energy and chemical use, eliminating the need for purification. The future will require further optimization to enhance the benefits of biomass valorization through paired electrocatalysis, while addressing challenges like cost of precursors, large-scale facility expenses, and widespread adoption of sustainably sourced energy.
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Hassan, Sara A ; Zaater, Marwa A ; Abdel-Rahman, Islam M ; Ibrahim, Elsayed A ; El Kerdawy, Ahmed M ; Abouelmagd, Sara A
Abstract: The development of new forms of existing APIs with enhanced physicochemical properties is critical for improving their therapeutic potential. In this context, ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have gained significant attention in recent years due to their unique properties and potential for solubility enhancement. In this study, we explore the role of different counterparts in the formation of IL/DESs with piperine (PI), a poorly water-soluble drug. After screening a library of fourteen counterpart molecules, ten liquid PI-counterpart systems were developed and investigated. Thermal analysis confirmed the formation of IL/DES, while computational and spectroscopic studies revealed that hydrogen bonding played a crucial role in the interaction between PI and the counterparts, confirming DES formation. The solubility enhancement of PI in these systems ranged from ∼ 36 % to 294 %, with PI-Oxalic acid (OA) exhibiting the highest saturation solubility (49.71 μg/mL) and PI-Ibuprofen (IB) the lowest (17.23 μg/mL). The presence of hydrogen bonding groups in counterparts was key to successful DES formation. A negative correlation was observed between solubility and logP (r = − 0.75, p* = 0.0129), while a positive correlation was found between solubility and normalized polar surface area (PSA) (r = 0.68, p* = 0.029). PI-OA and PI-IB were located at the extreme ends of these regression lines, further validating the relationship between these properties and solubility enhancement. These findings highlight essential aspects of rational IL/DES design, optimizing their properties for broader applications.
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Bednarczyk, Paulina ; Nowak, Anna ; Duchnik, Wiktoria ; Kucharski, Lukasz ; Ossowicz-Rupniewska, Paula ;
Abstract: This study investigated the impact of various enhancers on permeation through the skin and accumulation in the skin from acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive-based drug-in-adhesives matrix-type transdermal patches. Eleven patches, each containing a 5% enhancer of permeation, encompassing compounds such as salicylic acid, menthol, urea, glycolic acid, allantoin, oleic acid, Tween 80, linolenic acid, camphor, N-dodecylcaprolactam, and glycerin, were developed. Ibuprofen (IBU) was the model active substance, a widely-used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The results were compared to patches without enhancers and commercial preparations. The study aimed to assess the effect of enhancers on IBU permeability. The adhesive properties of the patches were characterised, and active substance permeability was tested. The findings revealed that patches with 5% allantoin exhibited the highest IBU permeability, approximately 2.8 times greater than patches without enhancers after 24 h. These patches present a potential alternative to commercial preparations, highlighting the significant impact of enhancers on transdermal drug delivery efficiency.
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Keywords: acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives ; adhesion ; enhancers ; ibuprofen ; shear strength ; tack ; transdermal patch
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Electrosynthesis of amino acids from biomass-derived α-hydroxyl acids
Kaili Yan ; Morgan L. Huddleston ; Brett A. Gerdes ; Yujie Sun ;
Abstract: Electrochemical conversion of biomass-derived intermediate compounds to high-value products has emerged as a promising approach in the field of biorefinery. Biomass upgrading allows for the production of chemicals from non-fossil-based carbon sources and capitalization on electricity as a green energy input. Amino acids, as products of biomass upgrading, have received relatively little attention. Pharmaceutical and food industries will benefit from an alternative strategy for the production of amino acids that does not rely on inefficient fermentation processes. The use of renewable biomass resources as starting materials makes this proposed strategy more desirable. Herein, we report an electrochemical approach for the selective oxidation of biomass-derived α-hydroxyl acids to α-keto acids, followed by electrochemical reductive amination to yield amino acids as the final products. Such a strategy takes advantage of both reactions at the anode and cathode and produces amino acids under ambient conditions with high energy efficiency. A flow electrolyzer was also successfully employed for the conversion of α-hydroxyl acids to amino acids, highlighting its great potential for large-scale application.
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CAS No. : | 79-14-1 |
Formula : | C2H4O3 |
M.W : | 76.05 |
SMILES Code : | O=C(O)CO |
Synonyms : |
Hydroxyethanoic acid; dicarbonous acid; Glycollic acid
|
MDL No. : | MFCD00004312 |
InChI Key : | AEMRFAOFKBGASW-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Pubchem ID : | 757 |
GHS Pictogram: |
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Signal Word: | Danger |
Hazard Statements: | H314-H332 |
Precautionary Statements: | P264-P271-P280-P301+P330+P331-P303+P361+P353-P304+P340-P305+P351+P338-P310-P363-P403+P233-P501 |
Class: | 8 |
UN#: | 3261 |
Packing Group: | Ⅱ |
* All experimental methods are cited from the reference, please refer to the original source for details. We do not guarantee the accuracy of the content in the reference.
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
87% | at 130℃; for 3 h; | General procedure: To a mixture of 1a–1c (10 mmol) with glycolic acid (2.28 g, 30 mmol) was added concentrated H3PO4(20 mL). The reaction mixture was refluxed at 130°C for 3 h, then quenched with 20percent NaOH. The respective solid product was collected by filtration. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
92% | With ion exchange; at 120℃;pH 2.0; | To a thermometer, condenser,1L four-neck flask trap successively added glycolic acid (70%) 200 g580 g of n-butanol and acidic ion exchange resin pretreated 10 g (pH = 2.0), heated to 120 ,Adjust the system vacuum, so that the system to maintain a certain amount of return.Use the water separator to separate the water produced by the reaction.After tracking the amount of water to the theoretical amount, stop the reaction, cool to room temperature, filter, with a small amount of n-butanol washing acid resin.The resulting filtrate was recovered by decompression of n-butanol,Distillation gave 224 g of n-butylhydroxyacetate,Purity 99.5%, yield 92%. |
132.45 g | In toluene; at 90℃; | To a 500 mL four-necked flask, 76.82 g of 99% glycolic acid (1 mol), 101.10 g of 99% n-butanol, and 38.0 g of toluene were added, and the mixture was heated to 90 C to react and dehydrate. After the reaction, the unreacted alcohol and toluene were distilled off under reduced pressure.The remaining material was n-butyl glycolate and weighed 132.45 g. |
In benzene;Dean-Stark; | General procedure: Esters were synthesized via esterification ofhydroxycarboxylic acids with the appropriate alcohols.With monobasic hydroxycarboxylic acids (glycolicand lactic), the reaction was conducted without a catalyst.Amberlist 36 DRY cation exchanger was used asa heterogeneous catalyst in the esterification of dibasichydroxycarboxylic acids (malic and tartaric).When the esterification reaction was conductedwith methyl and ethyl (C1C2) alcohol, the acid :alcohol molar ratio was 1 : 5. The water that formedwas removed from the reaction mass via distillation.When the acids were esterified with heavy alcohols(C3C8), the acid : alcohol molar ratio was 1 : 3. Anazeotropic agent, benzene, and a Dean-Stark apparatuswere used to remove the reaction water. The resulting compounds were purified via fractionaldistillation under vacuum. The reaction massand obtained hydroxycarboxylic acid esters were analyzedvia GLC using the Khromatek-Analytic softwareand a hardware complex based on a Kristall-2000Mgas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionizationdetector and a 100 m × 0.2 mm × 0.5 mum capillary columnwith the grafted liquid stationary phase (LSP)dimethylpolysiloxane or DB-1. The temperature ofthe injector was 250C, the temperature of the detectorwas 280C, the carrier gas was helium, the splitratio was 1/80, and the volume of each sample was0.2 muL. The following column temperature conditionswere used for our analysis: the initial temperature wasmaintained for 20 min (100 or 150C for the analysis oflactic acid esters of C3C5 alcohols), and the thermostatwas then heated to 260C at a rate of 5 K/min. Thepurity of the obtained samples was 9899 wt %. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
To a solution of 42 mL of 6N HCI and 63 mL of water, 5-bromo-N1-methylbenzene- 1 ,2-diamine (9.1 g, 45.4 mmol) and glycolic acid (17.2 g, 227.2 mmol) was added sequentially. The mixture was heated to reflux for 2 hours. After cooling down to room temperature, the mixture was neutralized to PH 9 by ammonium hydroxide. Precipitate formed, filtered, rinsed by water and dried by vacuum to yield (6-bromo-1-methyl-1H- benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methanol (8.5 g). 400 MHz 1H NMR (CDCI3) delta 7.5 (d, 1 H), 7.46 (m, 1H), 7.35 (dd, 1 H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 4.74(b, 1 H), 3.8 (s, 3H); MS (M+1) 241 , 243 | ||
To a solution of 42 ml 6N HCI and 63 ml water, 5-bromo-N1-methylbenzene-1 ,2-diamine (9.1 g, 45.4 mmol) and glycolic acid (17.2 g, 227.2 mmol) was added sequentially. The mixture was heated to reflux for 2 hours. After cooling down to room temperature, the mixture was neutralized to PH 9 by ammonium hydroxide. Precipitate formed, filtered, rinsed by water and dried by vacuum to yield (6-bromo-1-methyl-1 H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methanol (8.5 g). 400 MHz 1H NMR (CDCI3) delta 7.5 (d, 1 H), 7.46 (m, 1 H), 7.35 (dd, 1 H), 4.92 (s, 2H), 4.74(b, 1H), 3.8 (s, 3H); MS (M+1 ) 241 , 243. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
45% | at 20 - 150℃; for 5h; | 4-chloro-N1-methylbenzene-1,2-diamine (15.0 g, 96 mmol) and glycolic acid (8.1 g, 106 mmol) were mixed together in a sealed tube. The mixture was heated at 150 C for 5 hours before it was cooled down to room temperature. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (0-5% MeOH in CH2CI2) to give the product (8.5 g, 45% YIELD). H NMR (300 MHz, CDC13) 5 : 3.80 (s, 3 H), 4.86 (s, 2 H), 7.13-7. 22 (m, 2 H), 7.62-7. 64 (m, 1 H). |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
Intermediate 49; Preparation of (6-Amino-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-yl)-methanol; (6-Nitro-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-yl)-methanol Solid <strong>[3537-14-2]2,3-Diamino-5-nitropyridine</strong> (prepared according to J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40, 3679-3686; 610 mg, 0.0040 mol) and solid glycolic acid (750 mg, 0.0099 mol) were combined in a sealed tube (left open) and heated to 145 C. and stirred for approx. 30-45 min (solid fuses together, liquifies then re-solidifies). After allowing to cool to rt the solid was extracted with 1N HCl. The aqueous mixture was concentrated under vacuum to leave a crude solid that was basified using conc. NH4OH solution. The ammonia solution was concentrated under vacuum to leave a crude solid that was dry-loaded on to silica and purified by column chromatography (using the ISCO system) to give a solid (450 mg) that was used directly in the next step. | ||
at 145℃; for 0.5 - 0.75h; | Intermediate 12 Preparation of (6-Amino-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-yl)-methanol (6-Nitro-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-yl)-methanol; Solid <strong>[3537-14-2]2,3-Diamino-5-nitropyridine</strong> (prepared according to J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40, 3679-3686; 610 mg, 0.0040 mol) and solid glycolic acid (750 mg, 0.0099 mol) were combined in a sealed tube (left open) and heated to 145 C. and stirred for approx. 30-45 min (solid fuses together, liquifies then re-solidifies). After allowing to cool to rt the solid was extracted with 1N HCl. The aqueous mixture was concentrated under vacuum to leave a crude solid that was basified using conc. NH3 solution. The ammonia solution was concentrated under vacuum to leave a crude solid that was dry-loaded on to silica and purified by column chromatography (using the ISCO system) to give a solid (450 mg) that was used directly in the next step. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
62% | With potassium hydroxide; In dimethyl sulfoxide; at 170℃; for 2.5h; | 2-hydroxyacetic acid (5.00 g, 65 mmol) and KOH (6.00 g,90 mmol) were mixed and heated to 170 C. <strong>[68500-37-8]4-chloro-7-methoxyquinoline</strong> (5.00 g, 26 mmol) dissolved in DMSO (20 mL)was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at 170 C for2.5 h. After cooled to room temperature, the solutionwas poured to50 mL ice water. Saturated aqueous sodium carbonate solutionwasadded to adjust the PH to 7-8. The mixture was filtered and driedin vacuo to give 3.70 g of 4 as brown solid: 62% yield. m.p.:223-225 C; HRMS (ESI+) m/z 234.0763 (234.0761 calcd forC12H12NO4+, [M+H]+). |
51.6% | With potassium hydroxide; In dimethyl sulfoxide; at 170℃; for 3h; | Add 5g (65.74mmol) of glycolic acid to a 250mL single-necked flask andPotassium hydroxide 6g (106.93mmol), heated to 170 CAdd Y-1 5g (25.82mmol) in DMSO solution, reflux reaction at 170 C for 3h,The reaction was completely detected by TLC, and the reaction solution was poured into a 250 mL beaker containing 100 mL of water after standing at room temperature, and the pH was adjusted to 3 with concentrated hydrochloric acid, and a yellow solid was precipitated and suction filtered.The filter cake is washed with water and dried under vacuum.It has a pale yellow solid of 6.02g.The yield was 51.6%. |
36% | A 250-mL, 3-neck, rb flask equipped with a magnetic stirbar, a reflux condenser and a powder funnel was charged with potassium hydroxide (6.0 g, 90 mmol) then 2-hydroxyacetic acid (5.0 g, 65 mmol) with stirring. The solid reactants gradually reacted and liquified as significant heat was generated. Upon dissolution of all the reagents, flask containing the hot syrupy liquid was immersed in a 170 0C oil bath, then a solution of <strong>[68500-37-8]4-chloro-7-methoxyquinoline</strong> (5.0 g, 26 mmol) in anhydrous DMSO (20 mL, 4 vol wrt quinoline) was added dropwise over 20-30 min via addition funnel. The resulting brown solution was maintained in the oil bath with stirring. After 2.5 h, the flask was removed from the oil bath, then quenched by the addition of water <n="53"/>(100 mL, 5 vol wrt DMSO). The resulting brown solution was immersed in an ice bath, and the mixture was neutralized by the dropwise addition of 6 N HCl (15 mL, 1 equiv to KOH), which resulted in the formation of a thick yellow ppt and brought the mixture to pH 3. The mixture was filtered and washed with water and ACN. The solid products were dried under vacuum to yield 2-(7-methoxyquinolin-4-yloxy)acetic acid (2.16 g, 36% yield) as a yellow solid. (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 234.1 (M+H). |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
19%; 10%; 35%; 20%; 8% | With dihydrogen peroxide;methyltrioxorhenium(VII); In dichloromethane; water; acetonitrile; at 20℃; | Comparative examples 1 to 3: Oxidation of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural in homogeneous conditions; 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) was oxidized with 10 equivalents of hydrogen peroxide (35percent by weight in aqueous solution) in the presence of methyltrioxo rhenium in an amount of 5percent by weight of HMF, at a temperature about 200C during 24 to 48 hours, until the conversion of furfural was complete, in various solvents. The results of the reactions are summarized in Table 1 below. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
23%; 6%; 11%; 16%; 29% | With dihydrogen peroxide;methyltrioxorhenium(VII); In ethanol; water; at 20℃; | Comparative examples 1 to 3: Oxidation of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural in homogeneous conditions; 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) was oxidized with 10 equivalents of hydrogen peroxide (35percent by weight in aqueous solution) in the presence of methyltrioxo rhenium in an amount of 5percent by weight of HMF, at a temperature about 200C during 24 to 48 hours, until the conversion of furfural was complete, in various solvents. The results of the reactions are summarized in Table 1 below. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
In ethanol; dichloromethane; at 20℃; for 24h; | Example 27: Preparation of aliskiren glycolic acid salt <strong>[173334-57-1]Aliskiren</strong> (1.6 g, 2.9 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (10 mL), and glycolic acid (0.220 g, 2.9 mmol) in ethanol (1 mL) was added while stirring. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. Then, the solvent was evaporated in vacuum and the product was dried under vacuum at 30C over night. Mp = 45-50C XRPD: amorphous |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
0.11 mg; 0.005 mg; 0.0023 mg; 0.071 mg; 0.12 mg; 0.01 mg; 0.09 mg | With magnesium sulfate; at 80℃; for 24h;pH 12.0; | General procedure: To model the chemical environment on the outer side of thetubular structures, NH2CHO (200 muL) was mixed with thesodium silicate solution (2.0 mL) in the presence of preformedMSH [ZnCl2, FeCl2·4H2O, CuCl2·2H2O, Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O,and MgSO4] (2.0% w/w) at 80 C for 24 h. In two selectedcases [FeCl2 and Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O], NH2CHO (200 muL) wasmixed with the sodium silicate solution (2.0 mL) in the presence of selected growing MSH (starting from 2.0% w/w ofthe corresponding salt?s pellet) at 80 C for 24 h. For the innerenvironment, NH2CHO (200 muL) was mixed with distilledwater (2.0 mL) in the presence of selected MSH (2.0% w/w) at80 C for 24 h. The reaction of NH2CHO (10% v/v) with thesodium silicate solution (pH 12) without MSH membranes wasalso analyzed under similar experimental conditions. Theproducts were analyzed by gas chromatography associatedwith mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after treatment with N,Nbis-trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetamide in pyridine (620 muL) at 60C for 4 h in the presence of betulinol (CAS Registry Number473-98-3) as the internal standard (0.2 mg). Mass spectrometrywas performed by the following program: injection temperature280 C, detector temperature 280 C, gradient 100 C for 2min, and 10 C/min for 60 min. To identify the structure of theproducts, two strategies were followed. First, the spectra werecompared with commercially available electron mass spectrumlibraries such as NIST (Fison, Manchester, U.K.). Second, GCMSanalysis was repeated with standard compounds. Allproducts have been recognized with a similarity index (SI)greater than 98% compared to that of the reference standards.The analysis was limited to products of ?1 ng/mL, and theyield was calculated as micrograms of product per startingformamide. For further experimental details, see the SupportingInformation. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
0.11 mg; 0.15 mg; 0.006 mg; 0.0028 mg; 0.0019 mg; 0.002 mg | With zinc(II) chloride; at 80℃; for 24h;pH 12.0; | General procedure: To model the chemical environment on the outer side of thetubular structures, NH2CHO (200 muL) was mixed with thesodium silicate solution (2.0 mL) in the presence of preformedMSH [ZnCl2, FeCl2·4H2O, CuCl2·2H2O, Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O,and MgSO4] (2.0% w/w) at 80 C for 24 h. In two selectedcases [FeCl2 and Fe2(SO4)3·9H2O], NH2CHO (200 muL) wasmixed with the sodium silicate solution (2.0 mL) in the presence of selected growing MSH (starting from 2.0% w/w ofthe corresponding salt?s pellet) at 80 C for 24 h. For the innerenvironment, NH2CHO (200 muL) was mixed with distilledwater (2.0 mL) in the presence of selected MSH (2.0% w/w) at80 C for 24 h. The reaction of NH2CHO (10% v/v) with thesodium silicate solution (pH 12) without MSH membranes wasalso analyzed under similar experimental conditions. Theproducts were analyzed by gas chromatography associatedwith mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after treatment with N,Nbis-trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetamide in pyridine (620 muL) at 60C for 4 h in the presence of betulinol (CAS Registry Number473-98-3) as the internal standard (0.2 mg). Mass spectrometrywas performed by the following program: injection temperature280 C, detector temperature 280 C, gradient 100 C for 2min, and 10 C/min for 60 min. To identify the structure of theproducts, two strategies were followed. First, the spectra werecompared with commercially available electron mass spectrumlibraries such as NIST (Fison, Manchester, U.K.). Second, GCMSanalysis was repeated with standard compounds. Allproducts have been recognized with a similarity index (SI)greater than 98% compared to that of the reference standards.The analysis was limited to products of ?1 ng/mL, and theyield was calculated as micrograms of product per startingformamide. For further experimental details, see the SupportingInformation. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
62% | With pretreated aluminium vanadium phosphate; In water; at 280℃; under 760.051 Torr;Catalytic behavior; Activation energy; | The glycerol transformation was carried out in a continuous-flow fixed-bed reactor under atmospheric pressure, as previouslydescribed [23]. The reactor was made of stainless-steel tubing(7 mm internal diameter and 190 mm long), placed in a tubularelectric furnace. The temperature was monitored by a thermocou-ple located in the catalyst bed. The analysis of the feed and reactionproducts was carried out on-line using a multicolumn gas chro-matograph (GC) equipped with both flame ionization (FID) andthermal conductivity (TCD) detectors in parallel. The compoundswere separated in a capillary column, DB-1 (100% methylpolysilox-ane, 60 m x 0,25 mm x 0,25 m).The catalyst (100 mg) was pretreated at the reaction tempera-ture during 2 h in a N2flow (75 mL/min). A 36 wt% glycerol (99.5%,Sigma-Aldrich) aqueous solution was fed at 0.6 mL/h (0.69 mol/sof glycerol). In general, each catalytic test was conducted at least for3 h at different temperatures (220C, 250C and 280C). The reac-tion products were identified by chromatographic patterns and/or agas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) (VARIAN CP 3800,QUADRUPOLE MS 1200) also equipped with a capillary column DB-1. A blank test showed the absence of homogeneous reactions andthe reactor inactivity in the absence of a catalyst. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
95.2% | Weigh 42.1 grams of LAE hydrochloride,Add 80 g of butyl acetate,Heated to 60 dissolved,9.5 g of pyridine was added,The reaction was stirred for 1 hour,To the reaction solution was added 20 g of water,After standing stratified to remove the water layer,The resulting organic layer was added 9.1 g of glycolic acid,The reaction was continued at 60 C for 3 hours with stirring,Cold to -5 2 hours crystallization,The resulting powder was filtered,dry,43.9 grams of product was obtained,Yield 95.2%. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
54% | With hydrogenchloride; for 6.0h;Reflux; | General procedure: Mixture of phenylenediamine 10 g (92.6 mmol), glycolic/lactic acid (166.7 mmol), 135 ml4M HCl was refluxed for 6 hours. Then reaction mixture was alkalinized to pH 7 with aqueoussolution of KOH. Precipitate was filtered and crystallized from water. |
Tags: Glycolic Acid | Hydroxyethanoic acid | Carboxylic Acids | Aliphatic Chain Hydrocarbons | Alcohols | Aliphatic Acyl | Fungicide | Tyrosinase | Polymers | Lipids | Polymer Science | Pesticide Composition | Drug Delivery | Parkinson'S Disease and Alzheimer'S Disease | Organic Building Blocks | Protease | Other Inhibitors/Agonists | 79-14-1
Precautionary Statements-General | |
Code | Phrase |
P101 | If medical advice is needed,have product container or label at hand. |
P102 | Keep out of reach of children. |
P103 | Read label before use |
Prevention | |
Code | Phrase |
P201 | Obtain special instructions before use. |
P202 | Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood. |
P210 | Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. - No smoking. |
P211 | Do not spray on an open flame or other ignition source. |
P220 | Keep/Store away from clothing/combustible materials. |
P221 | Take any precaution to avoid mixing with combustibles |
P222 | Do not allow contact with air. |
P223 | Keep away from any possible contact with water, because of violent reaction and possible flash fire. |
P230 | Keep wetted |
P231 | Handle under inert gas. |
P232 | Protect from moisture. |
P233 | Keep container tightly closed. |
P234 | Keep only in original container. |
P235 | Keep cool |
P240 | Ground/bond container and receiving equipment. |
P241 | Use explosion-proof electrical/ventilating/lighting/equipment. |
P242 | Use only non-sparking tools. |
P243 | Take precautionary measures against static discharge. |
P244 | Keep reduction valves free from grease and oil. |
P250 | Do not subject to grinding/shock/friction. |
P251 | Pressurized container: Do not pierce or burn, even after use. |
P260 | Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. |
P261 | Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray. |
P262 | Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on clothing. |
P263 | Avoid contact during pregnancy/while nursing. |
P264 | Wash hands thoroughly after handling. |
P265 | Wash skin thouroughly after handling. |
P270 | Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product. |
P271 | Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. |
P272 | Contaminated work clothing should not be allowed out of the workplace. |
P273 | Avoid release to the environment. |
P280 | Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection. |
P281 | Use personal protective equipment as required. |
P282 | Wear cold insulating gloves/face shield/eye protection. |
P283 | Wear fire/flame resistant/retardant clothing. |
P284 | Wear respiratory protection. |
P285 | In case of inadequate ventilation wear respiratory protection. |
P231 + P232 | Handle under inert gas. Protect from moisture. |
P235 + P410 | Keep cool. Protect from sunlight. |
Response | |
Code | Phrase |
P301 | IF SWALLOWED: |
P304 | IF INHALED: |
P305 | IF IN EYES: |
P306 | IF ON CLOTHING: |
P307 | IF exposed: |
P308 | IF exposed or concerned: |
P309 | IF exposed or if you feel unwell: |
P310 | Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P311 | Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P312 | Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell. |
P313 | Get medical advice/attention. |
P314 | Get medical advice/attention if you feel unwell. |
P315 | Get immediate medical advice/attention. |
P320 | |
P302 + P352 | IF ON SKIN: wash with plenty of soap and water. |
P321 | |
P322 | |
P330 | Rinse mouth. |
P331 | Do NOT induce vomiting. |
P332 | IF SKIN irritation occurs: |
P333 | If skin irritation or rash occurs: |
P334 | Immerse in cool water/wrap n wet bandages. |
P335 | Brush off loose particles from skin. |
P336 | Thaw frosted parts with lukewarm water. Do not rub affected area. |
P337 | If eye irritation persists: |
P338 | Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. |
P340 | Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. |
P341 | If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. |
P342 | If experiencing respiratory symptoms: |
P350 | Gently wash with plenty of soap and water. |
P351 | Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. |
P352 | Wash with plenty of soap and water. |
P353 | Rinse skin with water/shower. |
P360 | Rinse immediately contaminated clothing and skin with plenty of water before removing clothes. |
P361 | Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. |
P362 | Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse. |
P363 | Wash contaminated clothing before reuse. |
P370 | In case of fire: |
P371 | In case of major fire and large quantities: |
P372 | Explosion risk in case of fire. |
P373 | DO NOT fight fire when fire reaches explosives. |
P374 | Fight fire with normal precautions from a reasonable distance. |
P376 | Stop leak if safe to do so. Oxidising gases (section 2.4) 1 |
P377 | Leaking gas fire: Do not extinguish, unless leak can be stopped safely. |
P378 | |
P380 | Evacuate area. |
P381 | Eliminate all ignition sources if safe to do so. |
P390 | Absorb spillage to prevent material damage. |
P391 | Collect spillage. Hazardous to the aquatic environment |
P301 + P310 | IF SWALLOWED: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P301 + P312 | IF SWALLOWED: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician IF you feel unwell. |
P301 + P330 + P331 | IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. |
P302 + P334 | IF ON SKIN: Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages. |
P302 + P350 | IF ON SKIN: Gently wash with plenty of soap and water. |
P303 + P361 + P353 | IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off Immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse SKIN with water/shower. |
P304 + P312 | IF INHALED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell. |
P304 + P340 | IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and Keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. |
P304 + P341 | IF INHALED: If breathing is difficult, remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. |
P305 + P351 + P338 | IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. |
P306 + P360 | IF ON CLOTHING: Rinse Immediately contaminated CLOTHING and SKIN with plenty of water before removing clothes. |
P307 + P311 | IF exposed: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P308 + P313 | IF exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention. |
P309 + P311 | IF exposed or if you feel unwell: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P332 + P313 | IF SKIN irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention. |
P333 + P313 | IF SKIN irritation or rash occurs: Get medical advice/attention. |
P335 + P334 | Brush off loose particles from skin. Immerse in cool water/wrap in wet bandages. |
P337 + P313 | IF eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention. |
P342 + P311 | IF experiencing respiratory symptoms: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician. |
P370 + P376 | In case of fire: Stop leak if safe to Do so. |
P370 + P378 | In case of fire: |
P370 + P380 | In case of fire: Evacuate area. |
P370 + P380 + P375 | In case of fire: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion. |
P371 + P380 + P375 | In case of major fire and large quantities: Evacuate area. Fight fire remotely due to the risk of explosion. |
Storage | |
Code | Phrase |
P401 | |
P402 | Store in a dry place. |
P403 | Store in a well-ventilated place. |
P404 | Store in a closed container. |
P405 | Store locked up. |
P406 | Store in corrosive resistant/ container with a resistant inner liner. |
P407 | Maintain air gap between stacks/pallets. |
P410 | Protect from sunlight. |
P411 | |
P412 | Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/ 122 oF. |
P413 | |
P420 | Store away from other materials. |
P422 | |
P402 + P404 | Store in a dry place. Store in a closed container. |
P403 + P233 | Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed. |
P403 + P235 | Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep cool. |
P410 + P403 | Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place. |
P410 + P412 | Protect from sunlight. Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50 oC/122oF. |
P411 + P235 | Keep cool. |
Disposal | |
Code | Phrase |
P501 | Dispose of contents/container to ... |
P502 | Refer to manufacturer/supplier for information on recovery/recycling |
Physical hazards | |
Code | Phrase |
H200 | Unstable explosive |
H201 | Explosive; mass explosion hazard |
H202 | Explosive; severe projection hazard |
H203 | Explosive; fire, blast or projection hazard |
H204 | Fire or projection hazard |
H205 | May mass explode in fire |
H220 | Extremely flammable gas |
H221 | Flammable gas |
H222 | Extremely flammable aerosol |
H223 | Flammable aerosol |
H224 | Extremely flammable liquid and vapour |
H225 | Highly flammable liquid and vapour |
H226 | Flammable liquid and vapour |
H227 | Combustible liquid |
H228 | Flammable solid |
H229 | Pressurized container: may burst if heated |
H230 | May react explosively even in the absence of air |
H231 | May react explosively even in the absence of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature |
H240 | Heating may cause an explosion |
H241 | Heating may cause a fire or explosion |
H242 | Heating may cause a fire |
H250 | Catches fire spontaneously if exposed to air |
H251 | Self-heating; may catch fire |
H252 | Self-heating in large quantities; may catch fire |
H260 | In contact with water releases flammable gases which may ignite spontaneously |
H261 | In contact with water releases flammable gas |
H270 | May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer |
H271 | May cause fire or explosion; strong oxidizer |
H272 | May intensify fire; oxidizer |
H280 | Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated |
H281 | Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury |
H290 | May be corrosive to metals |
Health hazards | |
Code | Phrase |
H300 | Fatal if swallowed |
H301 | Toxic if swallowed |
H302 | Harmful if swallowed |
H303 | May be harmful if swallowed |
H304 | May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways |
H305 | May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways |
H310 | Fatal in contact with skin |
H311 | Toxic in contact with skin |
H312 | Harmful in contact with skin |
H313 | May be harmful in contact with skin |
H314 | Causes severe skin burns and eye damage |
H315 | Causes skin irritation |
H316 | Causes mild skin irritation |
H317 | May cause an allergic skin reaction |
H318 | Causes serious eye damage |
H319 | Causes serious eye irritation |
H320 | Causes eye irritation |
H330 | Fatal if inhaled |
H331 | Toxic if inhaled |
H332 | Harmful if inhaled |
H333 | May be harmful if inhaled |
H334 | May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled |
H335 | May cause respiratory irritation |
H336 | May cause drowsiness or dizziness |
H340 | May cause genetic defects |
H341 | Suspected of causing genetic defects |
H350 | May cause cancer |
H351 | Suspected of causing cancer |
H360 | May damage fertility or the unborn child |
H361 | Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child |
H361d | Suspected of damaging the unborn child |
H362 | May cause harm to breast-fed children |
H370 | Causes damage to organs |
H371 | May cause damage to organs |
H372 | Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure |
H373 | May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure |
Environmental hazards | |
Code | Phrase |
H400 | Very toxic to aquatic life |
H401 | Toxic to aquatic life |
H402 | Harmful to aquatic life |
H410 | Very toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects |
H411 | Toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects |
H412 | Harmful to aquatic life with long-lasting effects |
H413 | May cause long-lasting harmful effects to aquatic life |
H420 | Harms public health and the environment by destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere |
Sorry,this product has been discontinued.
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