Alpha-synuclein (α-Synuclein) is a protein primarily found in presynaptic terminals of neurons, crucial for regulating neurotransmitter release. It is a key protein in neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). α-Synuclein can form unique fibrous aggregates, and the formation of these aggregates is associated with neuronal cell damage and death. Mutations or overexpression of the SNCA gene, which encodes α-Synuclein, are linked to the development of PD. Specifically, certain point mutations and gene duplications in the SNCA gene are closely associated with familial Parkinson's disease. Therefore, the role of α-Synuclein in neurodegenerative diseases is a current research hotspot and a potential therapeutic target.