The p38 MAPK family comprises four homologous kinases: p38α, p38β, p38γ, and p38δ. They are serine/threonine kinases activated by stress and inflammatory signals, primarily localized in the cytoplasm but capable of translocating to the nucleus to execute functions. p38 MAPK is involved in regulating cellular responses to environmental stress, inflammatory reactions, cell cycle control, and cell death. By phosphorylating various downstream substrates such as transcription factors and cell cycle proteins, they influence gene expression and cell behavior. p38 MAPK exhibits specific expression patterns in different cells and tissues, and its activation is associated with various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and inflammatory conditions. Gene-specific expression and functional mutations may lead to changes in pathological states.