G proteins (guanine nucleotide-binding proteins) are a class of intracellular signal transduction proteins, including two major families: heterotrimeric G proteins and small G proteins. Heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of α, β, and γ subunits, while small G proteins consist of a single subunit. G proteins are primarily located on the cell membrane and participate in various signaling pathways through interactions with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), regulating intracellular signals such as cAMP and calcium ions, and affecting physiological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism. The specific expression and mutation of G protein gene are associated with a variety of diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer and nervous system diseases.