URAT1 (urate transporter 1) is a urate anion exchanger encoded by the SLC22A12 gene, belonging to the organic anion transporter family. It is mainly expressed on the membrane of renal proximal tubule cells and is responsible for regulating the reabsorption and excretion of urate in the blood. By exchanging with other ions such as Na+ and K+, URAT1 influences the reabsorption of urate, making it a key factor in maintaining urate balance in the body. Specific gene expression and mutations, such as loss-of-function variants in the SLC22A12 gene, are closely associated with hyperuricemia and gout. The activity of URAT1 is regulated by various drugs and endogenous substances, making it a potential drug target for gout treatment.