The signaling of anti-infection is highly complex and finely regulated, requiring not only the rapid and effective elimination of pathogens but also the limitation of excessive immune response activation to avoid damage to the host's own tissues. For example, interferons (IFNs), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and various interleukins (ILs) work together to restrict and eliminate pathogens by promoting inflammatory responses, attracting immune cells to the site of infection, enhancing the phagocytic and killing functions of immune cells, and promoting the production of antibodies.