p32 (also known as gC1qR) is a multifunctional intracellular protein primarily associated with mitochondrial membranes, but also found in the nucleus and cytoplasm. It demonstrates its versatility by participating in various cellular processes such as apoptosis, viral infection response, and mitochondrial function regulation. p32 impacts related signaling pathways through interactions with multiple signaling proteins and viral components. Gene expression of p32 varies across different tissues, and mutations may lead to dysfunction, affecting cellular physiology.