Metabolic enzymes are catalysts that regulate intracellular and intercellular metabolic activities. These enzymes are not only involved in basic metabolic processes, such as glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), fatty acid oxidation, and amino acid metabolism, but also affect the synthesis and breakdown of signaling molecules by generating or consuming metabolic intermediates, thereby regulating key physiological processes such as cell growth, division, death, and differentiation. For example, under conditions of hypoxia or nutrient deficiency, the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway is activated, which then inhibits key enzymes involved in energy-consuming processes, such as mTOR, thereby reducing the cell's metabolic activity and growth rate.