The Glyoxalase system consists of Glyoxalase I (GLO1) and Glyoxalase II (GLO2), which are responsible for detoxifying reactive aldehydes such as methylglyoxal in cells. By catalyzing the conversion of methylglyoxal bound to glutathione (GSH) to form lactoylglutathione, it protects cells from damage. This system is widely present in mammalian cells, highlighting its importance in maintaining cellular stability. Glyoxalase components are primarily located in the cytoplasm but also exist in mitochondria and the nucleus, participating in the glyoxalase pathway, affecting detoxification, signal transduction, and cell differentiation. The expression of GLO1 is associated with cancer development, while mutations or downregulation of its expression are associated with neurodegenerative diseases, making it a key focus for disease mechanism research and therapeutic development.