The Caspase family, cysteine-aspartic proteases, plays a crucial role in regulating apoptosis (programmed cell death) and inflammatory responses. This family includes effector caspases (such as Caspase-3, -6, -7) and initiator caspases (such as Caspase-8, -9). They share a common structural composition, including active sites formed by large and small subunits. Primarily located in the cytoplasm, they execute apoptosis programs and mediate inflammatory processes by specifically cleaving substrate proteins. Caspases are expressed with specificity in different cell types and tissues, and dysregulation and mutations in their gene expression are associated with various diseases (such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases), making them important targets for disease treatment.