Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia, mainly including Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 diabetes involves the destruction of pancreatic β-cells in an immune-mediated inflammatory response, leading to insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes is mainly associated with insulin resistance and a decline in β-cell function. The pathogenesis of both types involves various biological reactions and signaling pathways, including insulin signaling, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory responses. Specific gene expression and mutations, such as mutations in the TCF7L2 gene in Type 2 diabetes, significantly increase disease risk. A family history of diabetes is an important risk factor for the development of the disease.