The androgen receptor (AR) is a member of the nuclear receptor family, crucial in mediating androgen signaling and regulating gender characteristics, muscle development, and skeletal health. Encoded by a single gene, it consists of a variable N-terminal domain, a DNA-binding domain, and a ligand-binding domain. AR is primarily localized in the prostate, muscles, bones, and brain. Activation of AR occurs through binding to testosterone or dihydrotestosterone, regulating downstream gene expression. Gene expression is influenced by hormone levels, age, and health status. Mutations or abnormal expression are associated with diseases such as prostate cancer, androgen insensitivity syndrome, and muscle atrophy. AR, as a therapeutic target for certain diseases, holds significant importance in drug development.