The Interferon Alpha Receptor (IFNAR) is a critical component of the type I interferon response, consisting of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 subunits, forming a complex on the cell surface, widely distributed in various cells and tissues. By activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, IFNAR promotes the expression of antiviral, anti-tumor, and immune regulatory genes, enhancing the body's antiviral capabilities and immune defenses. The specific expression of IFNAR and its functional mutations are closely associated with virus infection susceptibility, development of autoimmune diseases, and the effectiveness of interferon therapy, making it an important target for studying immune mechanisms and developing treatment strategies.