Scavenger receptors are a diverse class of transmembrane proteins, including categories A, B, C, and others. They are composed of one or more structural domains and are primarily located on the surface of macrophages, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. Scavenger receptors participate in the clearance of oxidized low-density lipoprotein, cellular debris, and pathogens, regulating inflammation and immune responses. By activating downstream signaling pathways such as NF-κB and MAPK, they influence the production of cytokines and cellular activity. The expression of scavenger receptors is tissue-specific, and mutations or dysregulation are associated with various diseases, including atherosclerosis, infectious diseases, and immune regulation disorders.