NF-κB (Nuclear Factor kappa B) plays a regulatory role in immune responses, inflammation, cell growth, cell death, and tumors. In its inactive state, NF-κB exists in the cytoplasm as a complex with inhibitory proteins, such as IκB proteins, preventing it from entering the nucleus to exert its transcriptional activity. When the cell is stimulated by specific signals, such as the action of inflammatory cytokines like Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) or Interleukin 1 (IL-1), a series of signal transduction events are triggered, ultimately leading to the phosphorylation and degradation of IκB protein. This releases NF-κB, allowing it to rapidly move into the nucleus, bind to specific sequences on the DNA, and activate or repress the expression of a set of target genes.