15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) is a key enzyme in the prostaglandin metabolism pathway, primarily involved in the degradation of prostaglandin PGE2. It is expressed in various cells and tissues, particularly localized in the lungs, kidneys, and colon. 15-PGDH regulates biological processes such as inflammation, cell proliferation, and tumor formation by catalyzing the conversion of PGE2 to 15-keto PGE2. The gene-specific expression of this enzyme is regulated by multiple signaling pathways, and mutations or downregulation of expression are associated with the development of certain cancers. Therefore, 15-PGDH serves not only as a regulator of inflammation but also as an important target in cancer research.