Glutathione peroxidases (GPxs) are a class of key antioxidant enzymes that reduce peroxides by using glutathione (GSH) as a reductant, protecting cells from oxidative damage. The GPx family includes several homologous enzymes, such as GPx1 to GPx8, which are expressed in various cellular tissues and localized in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, and nucleus. These enzymes are involved in maintaining cellular redox balance, regulating signaling pathways, and affecting cell proliferation and death. The specific expression and functional variations of GPx genes are crucial for cellular resistance to oxidative stress, and mutations or dysregulation are associated with a variety of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases.