The Thrombopoietin receptor (TpoR), also known as c-Mpl, belongs to the cytokine receptor superfamily. It is a single-chain transmembrane protein primarily located on the surface of hematopoietic stem cells and megakaryocytes. TpoR activates signaling pathways such as JAK-STAT and MAPK by binding to its ligand Thrombopoietin (TPO), promoting platelet production and the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells. The expression of TpoR is cell-specific, primarily expressed on hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow. Gene mutations or abnormal expression are associated with platelet production abnormalities, myeloproliferative disorders, and certain forms of immune deficiency.