S100β is a member of the S100 protein family, primarily composed of two EF-hand structures involved in calcium ion binding. S100β is mainly expressed in glial cells of the central nervous system, particularly astrocytes. It participates in regulating intracellular calcium signaling, cell proliferation, differentiation, as well as neuroprotection and repair. S100β interacts with various signaling molecules and receptors, such as the RAGE receptor, affecting multiple signaling pathways. The expression of S100β is tissue-specific, and its levels are often elevated in neurodegenerative diseases and brain injuries. Currently, its direct association with specific diseases due to gene mutations remains unclear.