The Interleukin Receptor (ILR) family is a group of membrane-bound proteins, including multiple members such as IL-1R, IL-2R, IL-6R, etc., which have various structural components, including immunoglobulin-like domains and Toll-like domains. These receptors are mainly located on the surface of immune cells such as T cells, B cells, and macrophages, participating in the transmission of cytokine signals and regulating immune responses and inflammation. By binding to their respective interleukins, IL receptors activate downstream signaling pathways such as JAK/STAT, MAPK, and NF-κB, influencing cytokine production, cell differentiation, and responses against pathogens. The expression of IL receptor family genes is specific in different tissues and cells, and mutations or dysregulation in their gene expression are associated with the occurrence and development of various diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, infections, and tumors.