BVDV (Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus) belongs to the Flaviviridae family and is an enveloped virus with a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome. It primarily spreads by infecting respiratory and gastrointestinal cells in cattle, causing immunosuppression, reproductive disorders, and fetal malformations. BVDV is predominantly localized in the cytoplasm of host cells, where it replicates its RNA genome. The virus manipulates host cell signaling pathways to promote its survival and replication. Specific gene expressions and mutations in BVDV significantly impact its transmissibility and pathogenicity, which are crucial for developing antiviral treatments.