HPV belongs to the Papillomaviridae family and is a non-enveloped double-stranded DNA virus that includes various types, both high-risk and low-risk. Its DNA core is encapsulated by a layer of protein, and it primarily replicates within the epithelial cells of the host's skin or mucous membranes. HPV interferes with cellular signaling pathways, such as those involving p53 and Rb proteins, to promote cell cycle progression and inhibit apoptosis, leading to sustained cell proliferation. The E6 and E7 proteins of specific high-risk HPV types exhibit highly specific gene expression and interact with host cell proteins, facilitating the carcinogenesis of host cells. Mutations in the HPV genome and its integration into the host genome further increase the risk of cancer.