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The BI-3802 was designed by Boehringer Ingelheim and could be obtained free of charge through the Boehringer Ingelheim open innovation portal opnMe.com, associated with its negative control.
Butylated hydroxytoluene is an antioxidant widely used in foods and in food-related products. Butylated hydroxytoluene is a Ferroptosis inhibitor.
Synonyms: BHT; NSC 6347
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Synthetic Elaboration of β-Carbonyl Alkylboronic Esters
Hamilton, Mason D ;
Abstract: Organoboron compounds are some of the most synthetically versatile compounds in organic chemistry due to the many valuable transformations of the C-B bond. This synthetic versatility combined with the pharmacophoric nature of carboxylic acids has led to an increased interest in the one-pot difunctionalization of vinyl arenes using CO2 and pinacol boranes. Recently, much progress has been made to improve the scope and versatility of boracarboxylation reactions to now include electron-deficient and α-methyl substituted vinyl arenes. However, the potential transformations of boracarboxylated products have remained unexplored. Here, methodologies to transform the β-aryl alkylboronic ester into new C-C, C-N, and C-X bonds will be described. Medically relevant 2,3-diarylpropionic acids can now be accessed via a two-step protocol consisting of boracarboxylation of a vinyl arene followed by a palladium(0)-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling. This methodology provides access to both the α- and β-regioisomers independently whereas traditional strategies to access these compounds afford only one regioisomer, and in most cases, a mixture of regioisomers. Interesting biaryl and heterocyclic products can be accessed and to demonstrate the synthetic utility of this protocol, a glucagon receptor antagonist was synthesized in 4 less steps than the previously reported method while maintaining similar yields. The transformative capability of boracarboxylated products is further demonstrated through a base-_x005f_x0002_and external oxidant-free copper(II)-catalyzed amination to generate β2-amino acid derivatives. While the β-carboxylic acid was intolerable to the conditions, protection via esterification or amidation allowed for successful amination of the alkylboronic ester to occur. Amination of two bora-NSAIDs, bora-ibuprofen and bora-naproxen, was successful and a number of cyclic and acyclic amines are suitable for the transformation. Preliminary mechanistic work suggests that this amination does not proceed through a free-radical intermediate but rather a two-electron pathway. Finally, a novel halogenation of boracarboxylated products is achieved to generate the corresponding β-aryl alkyl halides. This methodology is performed in a base, metal, and additive free manner that utilizes cheap and readily available sources of electrophilic halide. Both bromination and iodination are demonstrated and can be achieved on a variety of electron-rich and electron-poor boracarboxylated products and can subsequently undergo amination to provide an alternative route to β2-amino acid derivatives. Mechanistic experiments suggest that the β-carboxylic acid is required to achieve the activation of the C-B bond. Radical trapping experiments also indicate that this transformation may occur through the formation of an alkyl radical although this is unlikely.
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Keywords: Boracarboxylation ; alkylboronic ester ; Suzuki cross-coupling ; oxidative amination ; 2,3-diarylpropionic acid ; β2-amino acid
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CAS No. : | 128-37-0 |
Formula : | C15H24O |
M.W : | 220.35 |
SMILES Code : | CC1=CC(=C(O)C(=C1)C(C)(C)C)C(C)(C)C |
Synonyms : |
BHT; NSC 6347
|
MDL No. : | MFCD00011644 |
InChI Key : | NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Pubchem ID : | 31404 |
GHS Pictogram: |
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Signal Word: | Danger |
Hazard Statements: | H302-H315-H319-H360-H373-H410 |
Precautionary Statements: | P273-P260-P270-P202-P201-P264-P280-P302+P352-P391-P337+P313-P305+P351+P338-P308+P311-P362+P364-P332+P313-P301+P312+P330-P405-P501 |
Class: | 9 |
UN#: | 3077 |
Packing Group: | Ⅲ |
* All experimental methods are cited from the reference, please refer to the original source for details. We do not guarantee the accuracy of the content in the reference.
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
With thionyl chloride; In pyridine; (2S)-N-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine hydrate; chloroform; N,N-dimethyl-formamide; | A Cholesteryl 4-(6-acryloyloxyhexyloxy)benzoate STR13 2.92 g (0.01 mole) 4-(6-acryloyloxyhexyloxy)benzoic acid is dissolved in 10 mL CHCl3 and two drops of N,N-dimethylformamide and 30 mg of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol were added. Next, 15 mL thionyl chloride was added dropwise to the solution which was stirred at 70° C. until no more gas was given off (approx. 1-2 hours). Then, the CHCl3 and excess thionyl chloride were distilled off under vacuum. The residue is 4-(6-acryloyloxyhexyloxy)benzoyl chloride. The acid chloride was dissolved in 30 mL absolute ether and at 0 to 5° C. added dropwise to 3.86 g (0.01 mole) cholesterol in 10 mL pyridine. It was then stirred for 17 hours at 50° C. For workup, the solution was poured into 200 to 300 mL ice water and acidified with conc. HCl. The product precipitated as a white precipitate. The precipitate was filtered off, washed with saturated NaHCO3 solution, and then with H2 O. It was then recrystallized twice from 100-mL portions of ethanol. After drying, 4.5 g (69percent) white crystals 27 are obtained. Characterization 1 H NMR (CHCl3): 0.65 (s, 3H); 0.8 to 2.1 (m, 46 H); 2.45 (m, 2H); 3.88 (t, 2H); 4.15 (t, 2H); 4.821 (m, 1H); 5.40 (m, 1H); 5.80 (dd, 1H); 6.10 (dd, 1H); 6.38 (dd, 1H); 6.85 (d, 2H); 7.95 (d, 2H) ppm 13 C NMR (CDCl3): 11.82; 18.68; 19.34; 21.01; 22.52; 22.78; 23.80; 24.24; 25.66; 27.95; 28.19; 28.49; 28.96; 31.85; 35.75; 36.15; 36.60; 37.01; 38.25; 39.47; 39.70; 42.47; 50.00; 56.10; 56.64; 64.39; 67.87; 74.12; 113.89; 122.59; 123.05; 128.52; 130.44; 131.46; 139.71; 162.66; 165.69; 166.20 ppm IR (KBr): 2943; 2866; 1717; 1634; 1605; 1510; 1273; 1250; 1198; 1167; 1115; 1007; 772 cm-1 |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
323 mg (44%) | With lithium chloride;silica gel; In N-methyl-acetamide; | Example 7 (-)-8-Acetyl-2-(dipropylamino)tetralin hydrochloride A mixture of (-)-2-(dipropylamino)-8-[(trifluromethylsulfonyl)oxyl]tetralin (910 mg, 2.4 mmol), tetramethylstannane (514 mg, 2.88 mmol), lithium chloride (315 mg, 7.44 mmol), dichloro[1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino) ferrocene]-palladium(ii) [PdCl2 (dppf)] (12 mg, 0.144 mmol), molecular sieves (4 A; 240 mg), 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol (catalyst) in dimethylformamide (20 ml) was stirred under an atmosphere of carbon monoxide for 18 h at 90° C. The catalyst was filtered off and the filtrate was partitioned between water and ether. The organic layer was dried (sodium sulfate) and concentrated. The residue was chromatographed on an alumina column eluted with ether/light petroleum 1:16. Pure fractions were pooled and concentrated. The resulting oil was converted into the hydrochloride which was recrystallized from chloroform and ether to afford 323 mg (44percent) of pure (-)-8-acetyl-2-(dipropylamino)tetralin hydrochloride, mp: 114°-116° C. [alpha]D:-123.2° C. (c 1.0, MeOH). |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
With benzophenone; In methylene chloride acetone; | (b) 3-Methyl-1-phenyl-3-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane-2,4-dione A solution of 50 g of 4-aza-4-methyl-2-phenyl-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione, 1.2 g of benzophenone and 0.5 g of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol in 2.5 1 of methylene chloride-acetone (1:1) is irradiated for 48 hours with a mercury vapour lamp (HPK 125W; Philips) positioned in a water-cooled Pyrex finger. After evaporation, the crude product is chromatographed with tolueneethyl acetate (9:1) on silica gel 60. The crystalline product thus obtained is recrystallized from diisopropyl ether-methylene chloride: m.p. 175-176 C. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
With PPA; | EXAMPLE 6 N-benzylacrylamide. 59 g of beta-hydroxypropionamide and 75 g of benzylamine were heated with 50 mg of 2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol for 7 hours in a temperature range of 120-170 C. until the evolution of ammonia was complete. After adding 2.2 g of polyphosphoric acid distillation was carried out in an oil pump vacuum; the subsequent redistillation with the addition of 1 ml of sulphuric acid yielded 92 g of N-benzylacrylamide, Bp0.1 113 C., which crystallized in the receiver. Mp (crude product): 53 C. NMR (CDCl3): delta=4.35 (d,2); 5.35-6.25 (m,3); 7.2 (s,5). |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
With sodium hydroxide; tetrabutylammomium bromide; In tert-butyl methyl ether; ISOPROPYLAMIDE; water; acetonitrile; | Synthesis of BP-3 Synthesis of 2-benzoyl-benzoic acid 3-(4-acryloyloxy-butoxy)-2-hydroxy-propyl ester: A reaction mixture containing 2-benzoyl benzoic acid (40.0 g, 0.1722 mol), acetonitrile (300 mL), dimethylacetamide (10 mL), tetrabutylammonium bromide (5.6 g, 17.22 mmol) and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (0.3 g, 1.4 mmol) was heated to reflux. At this temperature 4-hydroxybutylacrylate glycidylether (28.0 g, 140 mmol) was added and the mixture was allowed to stir at reflux temperature for 16 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residual oil was dissolved in methyl-tert-butylether (300 mL) and extracted 3 times with a mixture of an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (1N) and distilled water (1/2.4) The organic layer was separated, dried on MgSO4, filtered and evaporated to provide 45.2 g of a brown oil. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
With tetrabutylammomium bromide; In ISOPROPYLAMIDE; acetonitrile; | A reaction mixture containing (9-oxo-9H-thioxanthen-2-yloxy)acetic acid (4.0 g, 14 mmol), acetonitrile (55 ml), dimethylacetamide (10 mL), tetrabutylammonium bromide (0.5 g, 1.4 mmol) and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (0.03 g, 0.114 mmol) was heated to reflux. At this temperature 4-hydroxybutylacrylate glycidylether (2.3 g, 11.4 mmol) was added and the mixture was allowed to stir at reflux temperature for 16 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure to provide 8.0 g of a yellow oil. The product was purified on a Prochrom LC80 Column using Kromasil Si 60A 10 μm as silica and dichloromethane/ethyl acetate (60/40) as eluent, to afford 1.8 g of a yellow oil. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
With sodium hydroxide; tetrabutylammomium bromide; In tert-butyl methyl ether; ISOPROPYLAMIDE; water; acetonitrile; | A reaction mixture containing 2-(9-oxo-9H-thioxanthene-2-yloxy)-propionic acid (4.2 g, 14 mmol), acetonitrile (55 mL), dimethylacetamide (10 mL), tetrabutylammonium bromide (0.5 g, 1.4 mmol) and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (0.03 g, 0.114 mmol) was heated to reflux. At this temperature 4-hydroxybutylacrylate glycidylether (2.3 g, 11.4 mmol) was added and the mixture was allowed to stir at reflux temperature for 16 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residual oil was dissolved in methyl-tert-butylether (100 mL) and extracted with a mixture of an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (1N) and distilled water (1/1). The organic layer was separated, dried on MgSO4, filtered and evaporated to provide 3.7 g of a yellow oil. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
With sodium hydroxide; tetrabutylammomium bromide; In dichloromethane; water; dimethyl sulfoxide; ethyl acetate; acetonitrile; | Synthesis of comparative initiator CTX-1 Synthesis of 9-oxo-9H-thioxanthene-1-carboxylic acid-3-(4-acryloyloxy-butoxy)-2-hydroxy-propyl ester: A reaction mixture containing 9-oxo-9H-thioxanthene-1-carboxylic acid (3.8 g, 15 mmol), acetonitrile (40 mL), dimethylsulfoxide (23 mL), tetrabutylammonium bromide (0.5 g, 1.5 mmol) and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (0.03 g, 0.122 mmol) was heated to reflux. At this temperature 4-hydroxybutylacrylate glycidylether (2.4 g, 12.2 mmol) was added and the mixture was allowed to stir at reflux temperature for 24 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered to remove the residual, undissolved 9-oxo-9H-thioxanthene-1-carboxylic acid. The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residual oil, which contains dimethylsulfoxide, was brought in distilled water. After stirring for 1 hour the aqueous layer was decanted off. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (100 mL) and extracted with a mixture of an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (1N) and distilled water (1/2). The organic layer was separated, dried on MgSO4, filtered and evaporated to provide 4.9 g of a yellow oil. The product was purified on a SVP D40 Merck Np Column using dichloromethane/ethyl acetate (80/20) as eluent, to afford 2.6 g of a yellow oil. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
With sodium hydroxide; tetrabutylammomium bromide; In tert-butyl methyl ether; ISOPROPYLAMIDE; water; acetonitrile; | Synthesis of Comparative Initiator CTX-2 Synthesis of 9-oxo-9H-thioxanthene-2-carboxylic acid-3-(4-acryloyloxy-butoxy)-2-hydroxy-propyl ester: A reaction mixture containing 9-oxo-9H-thioxanthene-2-carboxylic acid (2.0 g, 7.8 mmol), acetonitrile (30 mL), dimethylacetamide (20 mL), tetrabutylammonium bromide (0.3 g, 0.78 mmol) and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (0.02 g, 0.0634 mmol) was heated to reflux. At this temperature 4-hydroxybutylacrylate glycidylether (1.3 g, 6.34 mmol) was added and the mixture was allowed to stir at reflux temperature for 24 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered to remove the residual, undissolved 9-oxo-9H-thioxanthene-2-carboxylic acid. The filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residual oil was dissolved in methyl-tert-butylether (100 mL) and extracted with a mixture of an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (1N) and distilled water (1/4). The organic layer was separated, dried on MgSO4, filtered and evaporated to provide 2.5 g of a brown oil. |