Structure of 611-92-7
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The BI-3802 was designed by Boehringer Ingelheim and could be obtained free of charge through the Boehringer Ingelheim open innovation portal opnMe.com, associated with its negative control.
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Standley, Troy ; Putruele, Carissa ; Lambert, Gwladys ; Kelly, Corin ; Liechti, Jana ; Redshaw, Zara , et al.
Abstract: Smokeless powders (SLPs) are easily available energetic materials that are often used in the construction of improvised explosive devices. Following a bombing incident, hand swabs are routinely collected from persons of interest (POIs) to assess potential SLP handling. However, the evidential significance of analytical findings remains difficult to assign due to the lack of systematic data on residue transfer. This study aimed to address this gap by determining the quantities transferred to hands (qT) of three common SLP additives – diphenylamine (DPA), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and ethyl centralite (EC) – following direct handling of bulk samples, with the specific goal of enabling the estimation of expected qT ranges on a POI’s hands under the hypothesis that they had handled SLP. A streamlined filter-and-shoot method was developed for residue collection and analysis, allowing direct chromatographic analysis without preconcentration steps. The results showed that qT values typically ranged from the high nanogram to low microgram level, with DBP exhibiting the highest values and EC the lowest, mirroring their relative concentrations in the SLP formulations. The total mass of SLP handled (MSLP) and the handler variability (HID) were identified as significant factors influencing qT, whereas the type of SLP (TSLP) had a much weaker effect. Notably, a strong linear dependence between qT and MSLP was observed for all the three compounds. Based on these findings, regression models were developed to estimate expected qT ranges (including means and standard deviations) at different MSLP values, providing a practical tool to refine interpretation where information on the amount of SLP handled is available. By establishing empirical data on SLP residue transfer, this study fills a critical knowledge gap in the literature, enhancing the ability to assess the significance of forensic findings and ultimately contributing to more robust interpretations in cases involving suspected SLP handling.
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Keywords: Explosive analysis ; Smokeless powder ; Primary transfer ; Activity level ; Evidential assessment
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Vander Pyl, Courtney ; Feeney, William ; Arroyo, Luis ; Trejos, Tatiana ;
Abstract: This study assesses the capabilities and limitations of liquid chromatog.-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the trace detection of organic gunshot residue (OGSR), at a time when forensic scientific organizations in the U.S are developing standards to facilitate their adoption. Here, recommendations are provided to aid managers and practitioners with strategies for incorporating OGSR in their workflow. Limits of detection (LODs), limits of quantitation (LOQs), and measurement variability are reported for top eight analytes of interest: nitroglycerin, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, akardite II, methyl centralite, Et centralite, diphenylamine, 2-nitrodiphenylamine, and 4-nitrodiphenylamine. Both techniques detected the targeted analytes with LODs as low as 0.3 ppb for LC-MS/MS and 40 ppb for GC-MS. The methods' performance rates were evaluated using 50 shooter sets, including four different ammunition types. Background specimens were collected from individuals who had not handled a gun in the last 24 h. The solvent extracts were split in half for a direct comparison of the methods on the same specimens. For the ammunition used here, enhanced sensitivity was observed for the triple quadrupole configuration (LC-MS/MS), with accuracies as high as 80%. However, under the extraction and EI-quadrupole instrumental configuration used in this study, GC-MS could not detect enough characteristic compounds to identify OGSR, especially in lower calibers. As a result, the GC-MS anal. displayed accuracies only as high as 35%, raising a flag that GC-MS alone is not recommended for OGSR detection unless combined with LC-MS/MS, or used with alternative pre-concentration methods or high-resolution configurations.
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Keywords: Gunshot residues ; Liquid chromatography -tandem mass spec ; trometry ; Gas chromatography -mass spectrometry ; Method validation ; Authentic shooter samples ; Performance rates
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CAS No. : | 611-92-7 |
Formula : | C15H16N2O |
M.W : | 240.30 |
SMILES Code : | O=C(N(C)C1=CC=CC=C1)N(C)C2=CC=CC=C2 |
MDL No. : | MFCD00025642 |
InChI Key : | ADCBKYIHQQCFHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Pubchem ID : | 11917 |
GHS Pictogram: |
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Signal Word: | Warning |
Hazard Statements: | H302-H315-H319-H335 |
Precautionary Statements: | P261-P305+P351+P338 |
Num. heavy atoms | 18 |
Num. arom. heavy atoms | 12 |
Fraction Csp3 | 0.13 |
Num. rotatable bonds | 4 |
Num. H-bond acceptors | 1.0 |
Num. H-bond donors | 0.0 |
Molar Refractivity | 74.97 |
TPSA ? Topological Polar Surface Area: Calculated from |
23.55 Ų |
Log Po/w (iLOGP)? iLOGP: in-house physics-based method implemented from |
2.64 |
Log Po/w (XLOGP3)? XLOGP3: Atomistic and knowledge-based method calculated by |
2.8 |
Log Po/w (WLOGP)? WLOGP: Atomistic method implemented from |
3.38 |
Log Po/w (MLOGP)? MLOGP: Topological method implemented from |
3.46 |
Log Po/w (SILICOS-IT)? SILICOS-IT: Hybrid fragmental/topological method calculated by |
1.65 |
Consensus Log Po/w? Consensus Log Po/w: Average of all five predictions |
2.79 |
Log S (ESOL):? ESOL: Topological method implemented from |
-3.32 |
Solubility | 0.114 mg/ml ; 0.000475 mol/l |
Class? Solubility class: Log S scale |
Soluble |
Log S (Ali)? Ali: Topological method implemented from |
-2.95 |
Solubility | 0.269 mg/ml ; 0.00112 mol/l |
Class? Solubility class: Log S scale |
Soluble |
Log S (SILICOS-IT)? SILICOS-IT: Fragmental method calculated by |
-4.32 |
Solubility | 0.0116 mg/ml ; 0.0000482 mol/l |
Class? Solubility class: Log S scale |
Moderately soluble |
GI absorption? Gatrointestinal absorption: according to the white of the BOILED-Egg |
High |
BBB permeant? BBB permeation: according to the yolk of the BOILED-Egg |
Yes |
P-gp substrate? P-glycoprotein substrate: SVM model built on 1033 molecules (training set) |
No |
CYP1A2 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 1A2 inhibitor: SVM model built on 9145 molecules (training set) |
Yes |
CYP2C19 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 2C19 inhibitor: SVM model built on 9272 molecules (training set) |
Yes |
CYP2C9 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 2C9 inhibitor: SVM model built on 5940 molecules (training set) |
Yes |
CYP2D6 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 2D6 inhibitor: SVM model built on 3664 molecules (training set) |
No |
CYP3A4 inhibitor? Cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor: SVM model built on 7518 molecules (training set) |
No |
Log Kp (skin permeation)? Skin permeation: QSPR model implemented from |
-5.78 cm/s |
Lipinski? Lipinski (Pfizer) filter: implemented from |
0.0 |
Ghose? Ghose filter: implemented from |
None |
Veber? Veber (GSK) filter: implemented from |
0.0 |
Egan? Egan (Pharmacia) filter: implemented from |
0.0 |
Muegge? Muegge (Bayer) filter: implemented from |
0.0 |
Bioavailability Score? Abbott Bioavailability Score: Probability of F > 10% in rat |
0.55 |
PAINS? Pan Assay Interference Structures: implemented from |
0.0 alert |
Brenk? Structural Alert: implemented from |
0.0 alert: heavy_metal |
Leadlikeness? Leadlikeness: implemented from |
No; 1 violation:MW<1.0 |
Synthetic accessibility? Synthetic accessibility score: from 1 (very easy) to 10 (very difficult) |
1.8 |
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