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Chemical Structure| 161814-49-9 Chemical Structure| 161814-49-9

Structure of Amprenavir
CAS No.: 161814-49-9

Chemical Structure| 161814-49-9

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Amprenavir is a protease inhibitor used to treat HIV infection which can form an inhibitor-enzyme complex with HIV protease.

Synonyms: VX-478; APV; Agenerase

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Elgammal, Yehia ; Salama, Ehab A ; Seleem, Mohamed N ;

Abstract: Candida auris is an invasive fungal pathogen, representing a global public health threat. It is characterized by high mortality rates among infected individuals, significant antifungal resistance, and a remarkable ability to persist in healthcare environments. While amphotericin B is one of the most powerful antifungal agents for treating Candida infections, approximately 30% of C. auris isolates demonstrate resistance to it. Thus, the development of novel antifungal therapies is vital for tackling its life-threatening infections. In this study, we identified four HIV protease inhibitors (atazanavir, saquinavir, lopinavir and ritonavir) as strong potentiators of amphotericin B against C. auris. A synergistic effect between HIV protease inhibitors and amphotericin B was observed against 15 C. auris isolates with fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) ranging from 0.09 to 0.50. Additionally, the combinations between HIV protease inhibitors and amphotericin B showed fungicidal effect, significantly reducing the viable cell count in the time-kill assay within 6 hours. Furthermore, the combinations inhibited biofilm formation of C. auris by 60–75% and exhibited a remarkable suppression of C. albicans hyphae. The in vivo treatment with HIV protease inhibitors combined with amphotericin B resulted in a significant reduction of C. auris colony-forming units (CFU) by 1.7–2.6 Log10 in the C. elegans model. These findings suggest that HIV protease inhibitors, in combination with amphotericin B, are promising candidates for the development of novel antifungal drugs to treat Candida infections.

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Nour M. Alkashef ; Mohamed N. Seleem ;

Abstract: Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection that is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide, particularly among individuals with compromised immune systems, such as HIV patients. Amphotericin B (AmB) is the first-line treatment mainly combined with flucytosine. The scarcity and the prohibitive cost of this regimen urge the use of fluconazole as an alternative, leading to increased rates of treatment failure and relapses. Therefore, there is a critical need for efficient and cost-effective therapy to enhance the efficacy of AmB. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of the HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) to synergize the activity of AmB in the treatment of cryptococcosis. Five PIs (ritonavir, atazanavir, saquinavir, lopinavir, and nelfinavir) were found to synergistically potentiate the killing activity of AmB against Cryptococcus strains with ƩFICI ranging between 0.09 and 0.5 against 20 clinical isolates. This synergistic activity was further confirmed in a time-kill assay, where different AmB/PIs combinations exhibited fungicidal activity within 24 hrs. Additionally, PIs in combination with AmB exhibited an extended post-antifungal effect on treated cryptococcal cells for approximately 10 hrs compared to 4 hours with AmB alone. This promising activity against cryptococcal cells did not exhibit increased cytotoxicity towards treated kidney cells, ruling out the risk of drug combination-induced nephrotoxicity. Finally, we evaluated the efficacy of AmB/PIs combinations in the Caenorhabditis elegans model of cryptococcosis, where these combinations significantly reduced the fungal burden of the treated nematodes by approximately 2.44 Log10 CFU (92.4%) compared to the untreated worms and 1.40 Log10 ((39.4%) compared to AmB alone. The cost-effectiveness and accessibility of PIs in resource-limited geographical areas compared to other antifungal agents, such as flucytosine, make them an appealing choice for combination therapy.

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Product Details of Amprenavir

CAS No. :161814-49-9
Formula : C25H35N3O6S
M.W : 505.63
SMILES Code : O=C(O[C@@H]1COCC1)N[C@@H](CC2=CC=CC=C2)[C@H](O)CN(S(=O)(C3=CC=C(N)C=C3)=O)CC(C)C
Synonyms :
VX-478; APV; Agenerase
MDL No. :MFCD00934214
InChI Key :YMARZQAQMVYCKC-OEMFJLHTSA-N
Pubchem ID :65016

Safety of Amprenavir

GHS Pictogram:
Signal Word:Warning
Hazard Statements:H302-H315-H319-H332-H335
Precautionary Statements:P261-P280-P305+P351+P338

Isoform Comparison

Biological Activity

Target
  • HIV Protease

    HIV protease, IC50:14.6 ng/mL

In Vitro:

Cell Line
Concentration Treated Time Description References
HIV-1 protease mutant I54V 0.41 nM Determination of the inhibition constant of APV for mutant I54V PMC2975871
HIV-1 protease mutant I54M 0.50 nM Determination of the inhibition constant of APV for mutant I54M PMC2975871
HIV-1 protease mutant I50V 4.5 nM Determination of the inhibition constant of APV for mutant I50V PMC2975871
HIV-1 protease mutant V32I 1.5 nM Determination of the inhibition constant of APV for mutant V32I PMC2975871
HIV-1 protease mutant L90M 0.16 nM Determination of the inhibition constant of APV for mutant L90M PMC2975871
HIV-1 protease mutant I84V 0.9 nM Determination of the inhibition constant of APV for mutant I84V PMC2975871
HTERT-immortalized Barrett’s esophageal cells (BAR-T) 1 or 10 µM 1 hour To evaluate the protective effect of Amprenavir against pepsin-induced cell dissociation. Results showed that 10 µM Amprenavir completely reversed pepsin-induced cell dissociation, while 1 µM Amprenavir partially reversed it. PMC10095080
Caco-2 cells 10 or 100 μM 1 hour To assess the permeability of GW433908 and its metabolic conversion in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Results showed that GW433908 did not substantially cross the monolayer, whereas APV crossed ~250-fold faster than GW433908. Additionally, GW433908 generated a significant amount of APV in the compartment where it was applied. PMC353103
HTERT-immortalized Barrett’s esophageal cells (BAR-T) 1 or 10 µM 15 minutes To evaluate the protective effect of Amprenavir against pepsin-mediated upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Results showed that 10 µM Amprenavir significantly reduced the expression of MMP1, MMP7, MMP9, and MMP14. PMC10095080
RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages 10 μM 18 hours To test the effect of Amprenavir on cholesterol efflux, results showed no effect at 10 μmol/L concentration. PMC2757468
HTERT-immortalized Barrett’s esophageal cells (BAR-T) 1 or 10 µM 30 minutes To evaluate the protective effect of Amprenavir against pepsin-mediated E-cadherin cleavage. Results showed that 10 µM Amprenavir significantly reversed E-cadherin cleavage, while 1 µM Amprenavir partially reversed it. PMC10095080
HIV-1 protease wild type 0.15 nM Determination of the inhibition constant of APV for wild-type HIV-1 protease PMC2975871

In Vivo:

Species
Animal Model
Administration Dosage Frequency Description References
Beagle dogs Beagle dogs Oral 35 mg/kg Single dose To evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of GW433908 calcium salt in beagle dogs. Results showed that GW433908 exposure in the portal vein was minimal (only 0.85% of APV exposure), indicating that GW433908 is primarily converted to APV in the gastrointestinal tract with minimal liver exposure. PMC353103

Clinical Trial:

NCT Number Conditions Phases Recruitment Completion Date Locations
NCT00002405 HIV Infections COMPLETED - Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Research T... More >>riangle Park, North Carolina, 277093398, United States Less <<
NCT00002193 HIV Infections PHASE3 COMPLETED - Children's Diagnostic Treatmen... More >>t Ctr, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, 33301, United States|Saint Jude Children's Hosp / Dept of Infect Diseases, Memphis, Tennessee, 38105, United States Less <<
NCT00002417 HIV Infections COMPLETED - Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Research T... More >>riangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, United States Less <<

Protocol

Bio Calculators
Preparing Stock Solutions 1mg 5mg 10mg

1 mM

5 mM

10 mM

1.98mL

0.40mL

0.20mL

9.89mL

1.98mL

0.99mL

19.78mL

3.96mL

1.98mL

Dissolving Methods
Please choose the appropriate dissolution scheme according to your animal administration guide.For the following dissolution schemes, clear stock solution should be prepared according to in vitro experiments, and then cosolvent should be added in turn:

in order to ensure the reliability of the experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be properly preserved according to the storage conditions; The working fluid for in vivo experiment is recommended to be prepared now and used on the same day;

The percentage shown in front of the following solvent refers to the volume ratio of the solvent in the final solution; If precipitation or precipitation occurs in the preparation process, it can be assisted by heating and/or ultrasound.
Protocol 1
Protocol 2

References

 

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