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Kałka, Andrzej J ; Orlef, Aleksandra ; Kaczor, Agnieszka ; Turek, Andrzej M ;
Abstract: Benzophenone (BP) scaffold, owing to its highly applicable photo-related properties, has been widespread among many branches of chemical research and industry. While the benzophenone molecule itself has been extensively studied towards the intrinsic mechanisms standing behind its prominent nature, yet its derivatives still tend to be under-explored in this particular regard. Coming across the disclosed imparity, throughout the present paper, a subject of rotational isomerism, anticipated to affect the BP frameworks substituted in the ortho position, is thoroughly investigated. In this respect, a bunch of ortho derivatives of BP are subjected to a systematic analysis carried out via both in silico DFT modeling and spectroscopic measurements (IR, UV-Vis). The obtained results show that the effect of rotamerism indeed applies to the studied group of compounds, as some of them reveal themselves in the form of multiple coexisting conformational isomers. What is more, as the indicated conformers are found to be characterized by substantially different emission profiles, the foregoing phenomenon is disclosed to have quite a remarkable impact onto the photoluminescence of the explored o-BP molecules.
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Keywords: Benzophenone ; Rotational isomerism ; Conformational analysis ; Photoluminescence ; Chemometric data modeling ; Signal separation ; TD-DFT simulations
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CAS No. : | 445-27-2 |
Formula : | C8H7FO |
M.W : | 138.14 |
SMILES Code : | CC(C1=CC=CC=C1F)=O |
Synonyms : |
2′-Fluoroacetophenone
|
MDL No. : | MFCD00000320 |
InChI Key : | QMATYTFXDIWACW-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Pubchem ID : | 96744 |
GHS Pictogram: | ![]() |
Signal Word: | Warning |
Hazard Statements: | H302-H315-H319-H332-H335 |
Precautionary Statements: | P261-P280-P305+P351+P338 |
* All experimental methods are cited from the reference, please refer to the original source for details. We do not guarantee the accuracy of the content in the reference.
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
100% | With RuBr2[(S,S)-2,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)pentane](2-picolylamine); potassium tert-butylate; hydrogen; In ethanol; at 40℃; under 7600.51 Torr; for 19h;Inert atmosphere; Autoclave; | General procedure: In an autoclave, 1.32 mg of RuBr2[(S,S)-xylskewphos] (3,5-Me2pica) (1.29×10-3 mmol, S/C=10000) and 5.79 mg of potassium tert-butoxide (5.16×10-2 mmol) are placed, and replaced with argon gas. Under argon gas flow, 1.5 mL of acetophenone (12.9 mmol) and 2.9 mL of ethanol was added while measuring by a syringe, pressurized with hydrogen to 10 atm, stirred at 40 C. for 19 hours, then the reduction of the hydrogen pressure was confirmed and phenylethanol was obtained at 100% yield. The optical purity was 88.0% ee as measured by GC (CP-Chirasil-DEX CB (0.25 mml. D×25 m, DF=0.25 mum, from VARIAN), constant at 110 C., pressure: 102.0 kPa, column flow: 1.18 mL/min, vaporizing chamber temperature: 250 C., detector temperature: 275 C., the retention time of each enantiomer was: (R): 11.7 min, (S): 12.4 min), and (S) isomer has predominantly been generated.The reaction was carried out in similar way as Working Example 1 except that the complex was changed to RuBr2 [(S,S)-xylskewphos](pica), and the reaction solvent and substrate were changed as indicated in the Table below. The results are summarized in the Table below, which also describes the results from Comparative Example 1. Analysis conditions indicated in the Table is the same as the Table provided from Working Examples ito 6. From the results, it is clear that RuBr2[(S,S)-xylskewphos] (3,5-Me2pica) has a better enantioselectivity as compared to RuBr2[(S,S)-xyl- skewphos] (pica) complex. |
With (S,S)-DPENDS; C36H24Cl2O18P2RuS6(6-)*6Na(1+); hydrogen; potassium hydroxide; In water; at 30℃; under 37503.8 Torr; for 3h;Autoclave; | General procedure: To a 60 mL stainless autoclave with a glass liner and magnetic stirrer were added PEG-400, H2O, RuCl2(TPPTS)2, (S,S)-DPENDS, KOH, and reactant. Hydrogen was introduced to the desired pressure after the reaction mixture had been purged with H2 five times. The products were extracted by n-hexane and analyzed by GC-960 with a FID detector and beta-DEX120 capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm, 0.25 mum film) at 115 C. The enantiomeric excess (ee value) was calculated from the equation: ee (%) = 100 × (R - S)/(R + S). | |
With dodecacarbonyl-triangulo-triruthenium; (S,S)-N-{1,2-diphenyl-2-[(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino]ethyl}-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide; In isopropyl alcohol; at 80℃; for 48h;Inert atmosphere; Schlenk technique; | General procedure: A mixture of catalyst (2 mol%) and Ru3 (CO)12 (0.67 mol%) in IPA (10 cm3) was stirred at 80 C under an inert atmosphere in a schlenk tube for 30 min. To this solution, ketone (1 mmol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at 80 Cfor 48 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a short column of silica using (EtOAc:hexane 1:1), a small amount of the filtrate was dilluted in EtOAc and then injected on the GC to determine the conversion and enantiomeric excess. |
With formic acid; (S,S)-RuCl(eta6-CH3C6H4CH2CH2CH2CH2NHCH(C6H5)CH(C6H5)NSO2Ts); C32H35ClN2O2RuS; triethylamine; at 60℃; for 5h;Schlenk technique;Catalytic behavior; | General procedure: As Examples 20 to 35, hydrogen transfer reactions to ketones shown in Tables 1, 2, and 3 below were conducted by the same operation as in Examples 16 and 18. In these reactions, the catalyst ratios (S/C) were as shown in the tables, the reaction temperature was 60 C., and a formic acid-triethylamine (5:2) azeotrope was used as a hydrogen source in such an amount that the concentration of the substrate was 2 mol/L. The conversions and the optical purities were determined by analyzing the reaction liquids by GC after predetermined periods.; In addition, as Comparative Examples, results of reactions in which RuCl ((S,S)-Tsdpen) (mesitylene) was used in the same manner are also shown in each table. Note that, in these tables, conv. represents the conversion of the ketone substrate, selec. represents the selectivity for the target product, % ee represents the optical purity, and S/C represents a value represented by the number of moles of the ketone substrate/the number of moles of the catalyst. | |
With dichloro(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium (III) dimer; C26H29N4O3S(1+)*Cl(1-); sodium formate; In water; at 20℃; for 5h;Catalytic behavior; | General procedure: To a solution of ligand 5d (2.1 mg, 0.004 mmol) in water (1 mL) was added [Cp*RhCl2]2 (1.2 mg, 0.002 mmol), HCO2Na (41 mg, 3.0 mmol), and ketone (2.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for the time as indicated in Tables 1 and 2 . The reaction mixture was extracted by ethyl ether. The conversion was determined by 1H NMR analysis of the crude product. After concentration, the crude product was purified by chromatography on silica gel to give the pure product. | |
With dichloro(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)rhodium (III) dimer; C26H29N4O3S(1+)*Cl(1-); sodium formate; In water; at 20℃; for 5h;Green chemistry; | General procedure: To a solution of ligand 5d (2.1 mg, 0.004 mmol) in water (1 mL) was added [Cp*RhCl2]2 (1.2 mg, 0.002 mmol), HCO2Na (41 mg, 3.0 mmol), and ketone (2.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for the time as indicated in Tables 1 and 2. The reaction mixture was extracted by ethyl ether. The conversion was determined by 1H NMR analysis of the crude product. After concentration, the crude product was purified by chromatography on silica gel to give the pure product. | |
General procedure: In a schlenk tube, BH3·SMe2(0.55 mmol, 275 L) was added inthe solution of IL 5 (28 mg, 10 mol%) dissolved in THF (1 mL), undernitrogen atmosphere. The homogenous mixture was stirred andheated at 70C for 30 min. Later, a solution of ketone (0.5 mmolin THF (0.5 mL)) was added within 30 min. After the addition wascompleted, the solvent was evaporated under vacuum. An aqueoussolution of 1M HCl (5 mL) was added and the product was extractedwith DCM. The solvent was dried on anhydrous sodium sulfateand evaporated under reduced pressure. Crude residue was furtherpurified by column chromatography on silica gel using hexane-ethyl acetate as eluent. Enantiomeric excesses of all alcohols weredetermined by HPLC analysis using Chiralcel OD-H/AD-H chiralcolumn, isopropanol-n-hexane as mobile phase and HPLC condi-tions are given in SI. | ||
With (2R)-2-[benzyl([6-({benzyl[(1R)-2-[(diphenylphosphanyl)oxy]-1-phenylethyl]amino}methyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl})amino]-2-phenylethyl diphenylphosphinite bis(dichloro-eta6-p-cymeneruthenium(II)); isopropyl alcohol; potassium hydroxide; at 82℃; for 0.5h;Inert atmosphere; Schlenk technique;Catalytic behavior; | General procedure: Typical procedure for the catalytic hydrogen-transfer reaction: a solution of the Ru(II)-complexes 17-24 (0.005 mmol), KOH (0.025mmol) and the corresponding ketone (0.5 mmol) in degassed 2-propanol (5 mL) was refluxed until the reaction was completed. Periodically samples taken from the reaction medium were passed through acetone silica gel column and conversion rates were observed in gas chromatography, which were calculated based on unreacted ketone. | |
With [(1S,2S)-N-(p-toluensulfonyl)-1,2-diphenylethanediamine](p-cymene)ruthenium (I); sodium formate; In methanol; water; at 50℃; for 12h;Green chemistry; | 0.5 mmol of 1-(2-fluorophenyl)ethanol was added to the test tube, 1.5 mmol of dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether was added to the oxygen balloon, and the reaction was completed at 120 C for 12 hours until the reaction was completed, and sodium formate was added to the reaction system, 2.5 mmol. Then add 0.0025 mmol of catalyst B, add 4 mL of methanol:water (3:1), replace with nitrogen three times, react at 50 C for 12 h, wash with water after the reaction, extract the aqueous phase with ethyl acetate three times, and concentrate the organic phase to dry Column chromatography (petroleum ether: ethyl acetate = 10:1) gave (S)-1-(2-fluorophenyl)ethanol (61.6 mg), yield 88%, ee value 86%. HPLC separation conditions: chiral column OD-H column, mobile phase: n-hexane / isopropanol = 98: 2 (volume ratio), flow rate: 1.0 ml / min, wavelength: 254 nm, temperature, 25 C, t1 = 11.82min, t2=12.72min; | |
With glucose dehydrogenase; D-glucose; NAD; acetophenone reductase from Geotrichum candidum NBRC 4597 (Trp288Ala mutant); In aq. buffer; at 30℃; for 14h;pH 7.2;Enzymatic reaction;Kinetics; | General procedure: Reductions were performed in 50 mL of 100 mM HEPES-NaOH buffer (pH 7.2) consisting of1.4 mM NAD+, 0.23-0.39 mmol of 2a-13a, cofactor regeneration reagent written in Table S1, and purified GcAPRD with the amount written in Table S1. Reactions were done for 14 h at 30C with a rotational speed of 130 rpm. The product was extracted with diethyl ether, dried over MgSO4, and evaporated under reduced pressure. Silica gel column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate 4:1) were performed to give the corresponding chiral alcohols 2b-13b. |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
98% | With dimethylsulfide borane complex; (3aR)-1-methyl-3,3-diphenyl-tetrahydro-pyrrolo[1,2-c][1,3,2]oxazaborole; In tetrahydrofuran; at 20℃; for 2h; | To anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) was added (R)-2-methyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine (1.0 M, 2.9 mL) and borane dimethyl sulfide complex (10.0 M, 1.88 mL) and the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 h. To this mixture was then added dropwise a solution of 1-(2-fluorophenyl)ethanone (2.00 g, 14.5 mmol, 1.75 mL) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 2 h. The mixture was quenched by addition of methanol (20 mL) and concentrated in vacuo to afford the title compound as a colorless oil (2.00 g, 98% yield) that was used without further purification: 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) delta 7.53-7.49 (m, 1H), 7.28-7.24 (m, 1H), 7.20-7.16 (m, 1H), 7.04 (ddd, J=10.8, 8.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (q, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 1.54 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), OH not observed. |
92% | With (R)-methyl oxazaborolidine; N,N-diethylaniline; diborane; In tert-butyl alcohol; at 45℃; for 1h; | First Step Synthesis of (S)-1-(2-Fluorophenyl)ethanol To a solution (60 mL) of (R)-methyl oxazaborolidine (0.32 g, 1.2 mmol) in tert-butyl alcohol, N,N-diethylaniline borane (2.6 g, 16 mmol) was added, and a solution (150 mL) of 1-(2-fluorophenyl)ethanone (2.0 g, 14 mmol) in tert-butyl alcohol was then added thereto at 45 C., and the resulting mixture was stirred. One hour later, the reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, methanol was added thereto and the resultant was concentrated. After 1.0 N hydrochloric acid was added thereto, the resultant was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the organic layer was washed with brine, then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated. The obtained crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography (hexane alone to hexane/ethyl acetate=85/15) to obtain the title compound (1.9 g; 92%) as a colorless liquid. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) delta: 1.52 (3H, d, J=6.8 Hz), 5.17-5.24 (1H, m), 6.98-7.05 (1H, m), 7.15 (1H, ddd, J=1.2, 7.6, 7.6 Hz), 7.21-7.28 (1H, m), 7.49 (1H, ddd, J=1.6, 7.6, 7.6 Hz). |
77% | With acetophenone reductase from Geotrichum candidum NBRC 4597; NAD; isopropyl alcohol; In aq. buffer; at 30℃; for 14h;pH 7.2;Enzymatic reaction;Kinetics; | General procedure: Reductions were performed in 50 mL of 100 mM HEPES-NaOH buffer (pH 7.2) consisting of1.4 mM NAD+, 0.23-0.39 mmol of 2a-13a, cofactor regeneration reagent written in Table S1, and purified GcAPRD with the amount written in Table S1. Reactions were done for 14 h at 30C with a rotational speed of 130 rpm. The product was extracted with diethyl ether, dried over MgSO4, and evaporated under reduced pressure. Silica gel column chromatography (hexane:ethyl acetate 4:1) were performed to give the corresponding chiral alcohols 2b-13b. |
74% | With D-glucose; at 35℃; for 36h;pH 7.5;Tris buffer; Microbiological reaction; Enzymatic reaction; | General procedure: The preparative scale (large scale) production of (S)-1-phenylethanol 1b from acetophenone 1a by immobilized C. laurentii EBK-19 cells was also achieved. The reduction of 1a was carried out in a 1000-mL Erlenmeyer flask using beads prepared as described in Section 4.4. The cells were activated by suspending the beads in 300 mL tris buffer containing 4% glucose. After cell activation (3 h), acetophenone 1a (6 mM) was directly added to the mixture. During the 36 h reaction period, the beads were regularly separated by filtration, resuspended in tris buffer and glucose and reused for the same reaction without washing. At regular time intervals (36 h), the conversion and enantiomeric excess (ee) of the product were determined and the yields calculated. The run time of the beads was optimized for the production of 1b and found to be 27 days. |
With hydrogen; lithium hydroxide; (8R,9R)-9-amino(9-deoxy)epicinchonin; In methanol; at 25℃; under 45004.5 Torr; for 3h;Autoclave; | General procedure: Asymmetric hydrogenation of aromatic ketones was performed in a 60mL stainless steel autoclave with a magnetic stirred bar at room temperature, by using 9-amino(9-deoxy)epicinchonine as modifier, which is derived from cinchonine. In a typical run, the catalyst, chiral diamine, solvent, base and acetophenone were placed in the autoclave, followed by five purges hydrogen. The hydrogen pressure was thereafter increased to desired level. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for the appropriate duration. | |
With bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)diiridium(I) dichloride; C49H67FeN2O2PS; hydrogen; lithium tert-butoxide; In isopropyl alcohol; at 20℃; under 15201.0 Torr; for 12h;Inert atmosphere; Autoclave; | In a high-purity argon atmosphere,[Ir(COD)Cl]2 (3.4 mg, 0.005 mmol)The chiral ligand L6 (9.2 mg, 0.011 mmol) was dissolved in isopropanol (1 mL).Stirring for 3 hours at room temperature gives an orange clear solution.20 muL (0.001 mol%) of this orange solution was taken with a microinjector.Add to a mixed system of o-fluoroacetophenone (2 mmol), isopropyl alcohol (2 mL) and lithium tert-butoxide (1 mol %).The reaction system was placed in an autoclave and stirred at room temperature under H2 (20 atm) for 12 hours.The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the column was separated by chromatography (silica gel, eluent: ethyl acetate).The pure product 1-o-fluorophenylethanol was analyzed by HPLC and the ee value was found to be 99%. |
Tags: 2'-Fluoroacetophenone | 2′-Fluoroacetophenone | Fluorinated Building Blocks | Aryls | Ketones | Organic Building Blocks | 445-27-2
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H271 | May cause fire or explosion; strong oxidizer |
H272 | May intensify fire; oxidizer |
H280 | Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated |
H281 | Contains refrigerated gas; may cause cryogenic burns or injury |
H290 | May be corrosive to metals |
Health hazards | |
Code | Phrase |
H300 | Fatal if swallowed |
H301 | Toxic if swallowed |
H302 | Harmful if swallowed |
H303 | May be harmful if swallowed |
H304 | May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways |
H305 | May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways |
H310 | Fatal in contact with skin |
H311 | Toxic in contact with skin |
H312 | Harmful in contact with skin |
H313 | May be harmful in contact with skin |
H314 | Causes severe skin burns and eye damage |
H315 | Causes skin irritation |
H316 | Causes mild skin irritation |
H317 | May cause an allergic skin reaction |
H318 | Causes serious eye damage |
H319 | Causes serious eye irritation |
H320 | Causes eye irritation |
H330 | Fatal if inhaled |
H331 | Toxic if inhaled |
H332 | Harmful if inhaled |
H333 | May be harmful if inhaled |
H334 | May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled |
H335 | May cause respiratory irritation |
H336 | May cause drowsiness or dizziness |
H340 | May cause genetic defects |
H341 | Suspected of causing genetic defects |
H350 | May cause cancer |
H351 | Suspected of causing cancer |
H360 | May damage fertility or the unborn child |
H361 | Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child |
H361d | Suspected of damaging the unborn child |
H362 | May cause harm to breast-fed children |
H370 | Causes damage to organs |
H371 | May cause damage to organs |
H372 | Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure |
H373 | May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure |
Environmental hazards | |
Code | Phrase |
H400 | Very toxic to aquatic life |
H401 | Toxic to aquatic life |
H402 | Harmful to aquatic life |
H410 | Very toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects |
H411 | Toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects |
H412 | Harmful to aquatic life with long-lasting effects |
H413 | May cause long-lasting harmful effects to aquatic life |
H420 | Harms public health and the environment by destroying ozone in the upper atmosphere |
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