Pyruvate kinase M1 (PKM1) is a member of the pyruvate kinase (PK) family, primarily involved in the glycolysis process, converting phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate and generating ATP. PKM1 is mainly expressed in tissues requiring efficient energy metabolism, such as the heart and muscles. Compared to its homologous isozyme PKM2, PKM1 has higher catalytic efficiency and tissue specificity. The expression ratio of PKM1 and PKM2 changes in cell proliferation and metabolic reprogramming, affecting cellular energy metabolism and growth. The specific expression and mutations of the PKM gene are associated with various diseases, including cancer, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases.