P2X receptors are a class of ion channels composed of seven subtypes (P2X1-P2X7), forming trimeric structures. They are widely distributed in various cells and tissues throughout the body, such as neurons, immune cells, and the cardiovascular system. By regulating the transmembrane flow of Na+ and Ca2+, P2X receptors participate in biological responses including pain perception, inflammation, and cell death. Activation of P2X receptors involves ATP as an exogenous ligand, participating in multiple signaling pathways such as cellular immunity and neurotransmitter release. Gene-specific expression and mutations of P2X receptors are associated with various disease states, including neurodegenerative diseases, chronic pain, and immune system disorders. Research on P2X receptors provides new insights into understanding cellular communication and treating related diseases.